Armor

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a flexible ballistic armor apparatus for deflecting high velocity firearm, fragmentation, or shrapnel projectiles with a flexible armor unit. The apparatus minimizes the deterioration of the armor when subjected to shock waves or shear forces of a ballistic impact. The present invention also relates to the use of a flexible armor unit with soft body armor, a vehicle, a vessel, an aircraft or in structural applications.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) ofU.S. Ser. No. 62/089,711, filed Dec. 9, 2014, the entire contents ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an apparatus for deflecting highvelocity firearm, fragmentation, or shrapnel projectiles with a flexiblearmor unit and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Soft fabric ballistic resistant materials are typically formed fromhigh-tensile strength fibers, such as aramid fibers and/or polyethylenefibers. Optimum projectiles are long and narrow. These fabric materialsdo not significantly alter the trajectory of the projectile andtherefore fail to present the projectile's broadest body part to thefabric thereby reducing the fabric's ability to absorb the energy of theballistic projectile and defeat the threat. Only a sphere has a constantrate of change of angle of incidence, providing the maximum ballisticdeflection to an incoming ballistic threat.

Some mechanisms exist that overlap titanium or ceramic disks whichspread the force more effectively to defeat some penetrating threats.Others use large, rigid, ceramic plates as shields. These large platesare heavy and inflexible, uncomfortable to use and cannot typically takemultiple hits closer than 2 inches apart. The only competing flexiblebody armor utilizing ceramic disks having been criticized by the U.S.Army as not being bonded sufficiently to the aramid fabric resulting incatastrophic failure.

Additionally, the edges of these units are not rated as having threatdefeating capability, and none of these mechanisms seek to optimizeprotective coverage while simultaneously reducing areal density. TheBall Armor insert is comprised of a sphere, which has the greatestballistic threat defeating capability from attacks at all angles forareal density.

In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to have a light-weight,flexible armoring system that would defeat high-velocity firearmprojectiles, fragmentation and/or shrapnel, at varying angles ofincidence

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a flexible ballistic armor apparatusfor deflecting high velocity firearm, fragmentation, or shrapnelprojectiles with a flexible armor unit. The apparatus minimizes thedeterioration of the armor when subjected to shock waves or shear forcesof a ballistic impact. The present invention also relates to the use ofa flexible armor unit with soft body armor, a vehicle, a vessel, anaircraft or in structural applications.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides aflexible ballistic armor unit comprised of at least two spherical units,an inner envelope and an outer envelope. In one aspect, the sphericalunits are comprised of a fragmentation material. In another aspect, thefragmentation material is tempered amorphous silica, ceramic glass,ceramic or amorphous silica fiber infused with a liquid metal, quartzhardened graphene wrapped in ceramic/glass, silicon carbide,carbon/carbon composites, carbon/carbon/silicon carbide composites,boron carbide, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide particulate/aluminummetal matrix composites, quartz, feldspar, magnesium, graphene, graphenecompounds or combinations thereof. In an additional aspect, thespherical unit is coated with a ceramic material. In certain aspects,the ceramic material is Barium titanate, strontium titanate, Bismuthstrontium calcium copper oxide, Boron nitride, Earthenware, Ferrite,Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), Magnesium diboride (MgB2), Porcelain,Sialon (Silicon Aluminium Oxynitride), Silicon carbide (SiC), Siliconnitride (Si3N4), Steatite (magnesium silicates), Titanium carbide,Uranium oxide (UO2), Yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa2Cu3O7−x), Zincoxide (ZnO), Zirconium dioxide (zirconia), partially stabilized zirconia(PSZ), pottery, brick, tile, cement, glass or combinations thereof. In aspecific aspect, the ceramic material has a Mohs hardness scale rangefrom about 4.5 to 6.5. In one aspect, the at least two spherical unitsare arranged along a horizontal axis. In another aspect, each sphericalunit is the same size. In certain aspects, each spherical unit fromabout ⅛ inch to ⅞ inch. In a specific aspect, each spherical unit is ⅝inch. In one aspect, the at least two spherical units are encased in theinner envelope. In an additional aspect, the inner envelope is comprisedof at least one layer of a non-ballistic fabric. In a further aspect,the non-ballistic fabric is cotton, polyester or cotton-polyester. In aspecific aspect, the non-ballistic fabric is cotton. In another aspect,the inner envelope is sealed by ballistic thread. In one aspect, theinner envelope is encased in the outer envelope. In another aspect, theouter envelope is comprised of at least two layers of a fibrous fabric.In an additional aspect, the fibrous fabric is carbon fiber, fiberglass,aramid fiber, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, liquid crystalpolymers, or a combination thereof. In a further aspect, the aramidfabric is an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber.

In an additional embodiment, the present invention provides a flexibleballistic armor apparatus comprised of at least two flexible ballisticarmor units. In one aspect, each flexible ballistic armor unit isarranged parallel to at least one flexible ballistic armor unit. Inanother aspect, the flexible ballistic armor units are offset by 0-100%of the radius of a spherical unit. In an additional aspect, the flexibleballistic units are offset by 100% of the radius of a spherical unitsuch that the spherical units generally form a diamond pattern. In afurther aspect, the at least two flexible ballistic armor units areattached by ballistic thread. In one aspect, the apparatus furthercomprises at least one layer of a fibrous fabric. In an additionalaspect, the fibrous fabric is aramid fiber. In a further aspect, thearamid fabric is coated with graphene.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides, a method ofpreventing penetration of high velocity firearm, fragmentationprojectiles or shrapnel projectiles comprising providing at least twoflexible ballistic armor units, each armor unit comprising at least twospherical units, an inner envelope and an outer envelope. In one aspect,the spherical units are encased by the inner envelope. In anotheraspect, the inner envelop is encased in an outer envelope. In anadditional aspect, the spherical units are comprised of a fragmentationmaterial. In a further aspect, the material is selected from the groupconsisting of tempered amorphous silica, ceramic glass, ceramic oramorphous silica fiber infused with a liquid metal, quartz hardenedgraphene wrapped in ceramic/glass, silicon carbide, carbon/carboncomposites, carbon/carbon/silicon carbide composites, boron carbide,aluminum oxide, silicon carbide particulate/aluminum metal matrixcomposites, and combinations thereof. In one aspect, the spherical unitis coated with a ceramic material. In another aspect, the sphericalunits are arranged along a horizontal axis. In another aspect, eachspherical unit from about ⅛ inch to about ⅞ inch. In a specific aspect,each spherical unit is ⅝ inch. In a further aspect, the at least twospherical units is encased in the inner envelope. In certain aspects,the inner envelope is comprised of a non-ballistic fabric. In anadditional aspect, the outer envelope is comprised of at least twolayers of a fibrous fabric. In certain aspects, the fibrous fabriccarbon fiber, fiberglass, aramid fiber, ultra high molecular weightpolyethylene, liquid crystal polymers, or a combination thereof. In aspecific aspect, the fibrous fabric is an ultra-high molecular weightpolyethylene fiber. In one aspect, the flexible ballistic armorapparatus further comprises at least one layer of a fibrous fabric. Inanother aspect, the fibrous fabric is aramid fiber. In a specificaspect, the aramid fabric is coated with a graphene. In an additionalaspect, the flexible ballistic armor apparatus further comprises bodyarmor. In certain aspects, the body armor is comprised of a ballisticfabric. In a further aspect, the at least two flexible ballistic armorapparatuses are positioned within a vehicle, a vessel, an aircraft or astructure. In one aspect, the high velocity firearm, fragmentationprojectiles or shrapnel projectiles impact the flexible armor unitcausing the high velocity firearm, fragmentation or shrapnel projectilesto change direction and change the force vector resulting in the highvelocity firearm, fragmentation or shrapnel projectiles to turn anoblique position relative to the plane of the flexible armor unit. In anadditional aspect, the spherical units fragment forming an abrasivematerial. In another aspect, the force of the high velocity firearm,fragmentation projectiles or shrapnel projectiles causes the sphericalunits to strikes adjacent spherical units transferring kinetic energy.In a further aspect, the force of the high velocity firearm,fragmentation projectiles or shrapnel projectiles causes the outerenvelope to contact an adjacent outer envelope dissipating kineticenergy vertically. In one aspect, a first flexible armor unit contacts asecond armor unit dissipating kinetic energy upon impact. In anadditional aspect, the fibrous fabric of the outer envelope absorbskinetic energy. In a further aspect, the fragmentation of the sphericalunits lowers the kinetic energy of the projectile.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the front view of the flexibleballistic armor apparatus 40 comprising multilayers of a flexibleballistic armor unit 30. Each ballistic armor apparatus 40 is comprisedof at least one flexible armor unit 30. Each flexible ballistic armorunit 30 is comprised of multiple spherical units 20, an inner envelope12 and an outer envelope 10.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the side view of a flexibleballistic armor unit 30. Each unit is comprised of multiple sphericalunits 20, an inner envelope 12, an outer envelope 10 and optionally anadhesive layer 11 between the inner envelope 12 and outer envelope 10.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the side view of a flexibleballistic armor unit 30. Each unit is comprised of multiple sphericalunits 20, an inner envelope 12, an outer envelope 10, optionally anadhesive layer 11 between the inner envelope 12 and outer envelope 10and ballistic thread 13 at the end of the unit.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of the side view of two flexibleballistic armor units 30 with an optional fibrous fabric 50 consistingof a front plate. Each unit is comprised of multiple spherical units 20,an inner envelope 12, an outer envelope 10, optionally an adhesive layer11 between the inner envelope 12 and outer envelope 10, ballistic thread13 at the end of the unit and a front plate 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to a flexible ballistic armor apparatus 40for deflecting high velocity firearm, fragmentation, or shrapnelprojectiles with a flexible armor unit 30. The apparatus minimizes thedeterioration of the armor when subjected to shock waves or shear forcesof a ballistic impact. The present invention also relates to the use ofa flexible armor unit 30 with soft body armor, a vehicle, a vessel, anaircraft or in structural applications.

Before the present compositions and methods are described, it is to beunderstood that this invention is not limited to particularcompositions, methods, and experimental conditions described, as suchcompositions, methods, and conditions may vary. It is also to beunderstood that the terminology used herein is for purposes ofdescribing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to belimiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited onlyin the appended claims.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, references to “themethod” includes one or more methods, and/or steps of the type describedherein which will become apparent to those persons skilled in the artupon reading this disclosure and so forth.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the invention, the preferred methods andmaterials are now described.

As used herein “aramid fiber” refers to a class of heat-resistant andstrong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and militaryapplications, for ballistic rated body armor fabric and ballisticcomposites, in bicycle tires, and as an asbestos substitute. They arefibers in which the chain molecules are highly oriented along the fiberaxis, so the strength of the chemical bond can be exploited.

As used herein “body armor” refers to the whole of protective clothing,designed to absorb and/or deflect slashing, bludgeoning, and penetratingattacks. Two types exist: regular non-plated personal armor (used by thepeople mentioned above, except combat soldiers) and hard-platereinforced personal armor, which is used by combat soldiers, policetactical units and hostage rescue teams. Kevlar™ is well known as acomponent of some bullet resistant vests and bullet resistant facemasks. The PASGT helmet and vest used by United States military forcessince the early 1980s both have Kevlar™ as a key component, as do theirreplacements. Other military uses include bullet resistant facemasksused by sentries. Civilian applications include Kevlar™ reinforcedclothing for motorcycle riders to protect against abrasion injuries.Kevlar™ in non-woven long strand form is used inside an outer protectivecover to form chaps that loggers use while operating a chainsaw. If themoving chain contacts and tears through the outer cover, the long fibersof Kevlar™ tangle, clog, and stop the chain from moving as they getdrawn into the workings of the drive mechanism of the saw. Kevlar™ isused also in Emergency Service's protection gear if it involves highheat (e.g., tackling a fire), and Kevlar™ such as vests for policeofficers, security, and SWAT. The latest Kevlar™ material that DuPonthas developed is Kevlar™ XP. In comparison with ‘normal’ Kevlar™,Kevlar® XP is more light-weight and more comfortable to wear, as it isquilt stitch is not required for the ballistic package. Another fiberused to manufacture a bullet resistant vest is Dyneema®. Originated inthe Netherlands, Dyneema®, a polyethylene fiber has an extremely highstrength-to-weight ratio (a 1-mm-diameter rope of Dyneema® can bear upto a 240-kg load), is light enough that it can float on water, and hashigh energy absorption characteristics.

As used herein, the term “impact or penetration from a high velocityfirearm, fragmentation projectile or shrapnel projectile” refers topenetration or impact from ammunition fired from a firearm, includingbut not limited to hand guns, submachine guns, high powered rifles,armor piercing rifles and the like; fragmentation and shrapnelprojectiles from IEDs, bombs and the like; projectiles from explosives(PLEASE ADD MORE). The ammunition are generally known in the art butincludes, but is not limited to, 12 gauge 00 buckshot, 12 gaugeslug/sabat, 45 auto, 0.38 special, 9 mm, 40 CAL, 7.62 MM, 5.56 MM, 0.223CAL, 30.06 CAL, and 0.30 CAL. Standards for testing ballistic resistantmaterial are set out by the U.S. Department of Justice (NU Standard0108.01) and are detailed in the Examples.

A flexible ballistic armor unit 30 comprises at least two sphericalunits 20 disposed within an inner envelope 12 and an outer envelope 10.Spherical units 20 are comprised of a fragmentation material. Thefragmentation material is designed to come apart or fragment uponimpact. Examples of fragmentation material include, but are not limitedto, tempered amorphous silica, ceramic glass, ceramic or amorphoussilica fiber infused with a liquid metal, quartz hardened graphenewrapped in ceramic/glass, silicon carbide, carbon/carbon composites,carbon/carbon/silicon carbide composites, boron carbide, aluminum oxide,silicon carbide particulate/aluminum metal matrix composites, quartz,feldspar, magnesium, graphene, graphene compounds and combinationsthereof. In some aspects, the spherical unit comprises a core of afragmentation material which is coated with a ceramic material. Examplesof ceramic materials include, but are not limited to, Barium titanate,strontium titanate, Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, Boronnitride, Earthenware, Ferrite, Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), Magnesiumdiboride (MgB2), Porcelain, Sialon (Silicon Aluminium Oxynitride),Silicon carbide (SiC), Silicon nitride (Si3N4), Steatite (magnesiumsilicates), Titanium carbide, Uranium oxide (UO2), Yttrium barium copperoxide (YBa2Cu3O7−x), Zinc oxide (ZnO), Zirconium dioxide (zirconia),partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), pottery, brick, tile, cement, glassand combinations thereof.

Ceramic material are often described in terms of hardness using the Mohsscale. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scalethat characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals throughthe ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. The Mohsscale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sampleof mineral to scratch another mineral visibly. The samples of matterused by Mohs are all different minerals. Minerals are pure substancesfound in nature. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. As thehardest known naturally occurring substance when the scale was designed,diamonds are at the top of the scale. The hardness of a material ismeasured against the scale by finding the hardest material that thegiven material can scratch, and/or the softest material that can scratchthe given material. For example, if some material is scratched byapatite but not by fluorite, its hardness on the Mohs scale would fallbetween 4 and 5. “Scratching” a material for the purposes of the Mohsscale means creating non-elastic dislocations visible to the naked eye.Frequently, materials that are lower on the Mohs scale can createmicroscopic, non-elastic dislocations on materials that have a higherMohs number. While these microscopic dislocations are permanent andsometimes detrimental to the harder material's structural integrity,they are not considered “scratches” for the determination of a Mohsscale number.

In various embodiments, the ceramic material has a Mohs hardness scalerange from about 4.5 to 6.5, for example 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0,5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, or6.5. Additionally, other materials may be used having any Mohs hardnessvalue in combination with those ceramic materials having a Mohs hardnessscale range from about 4.5 to 6.5.

The spherical units 20 are arranged linearly within inner envelopes 12and outer envelopes 10 along a horizontal axis. The number of sphericalunits ranges from at least about 2-5000 or greater depending on theusage. For example, the number of spherical units may be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 20, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100,125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450,475, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1250, 1500,1750, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 or greater. The sphericalunits 20 of a flexible ballistic armor unit 30 are the same size. Thespherical units 20 range from at least about ⅛ inch to 3 inches orgreater. For example, the spherical units may be 1, 2/8, ⅜, 4/8, ⅝, 6/8,⅞, 1, 1⅛, 1¼, 1⅜, 1½, 1⅝, 1¾, 1⅞, 2, 2⅛, 2¼, 2⅜, 2½, 2⅝, 2¾, 2⅞, 2⅛, 2¼,2⅜, 2½, 2⅝, 2¾, 2⅞, 3, 3 inches or greater.

The spherical units 20 are encased in an inner envelope 12. The innerenvelope 12 is comprised of at least one layer of a non-ballisticfabric. The inner envelope 12 may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25 or more layers of a non-ballistic fabric.Non-ballistic fabric is essentially any fabric not used for ballisticpurposes. Examples of the non-ballistic fabric include, but are notlimited to, cotton, polyester and cotton polyester. The non-ballisticfabric allows the spherical units 20 to fragment upon impact with a highvelocity firearm, fragmentation projectile or shrapnel projectile whichcauses the spherical units to form an abrasive material and transferkinetic energy to adjacent spherical units 20.

The inner envelope 12 is encased by an outer envelope 10. The outerenvelope 10 is comprised of at least 2 layers of a fibrous fabric. Insome aspects, the outer envelope 10 is comprised of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more layers of a fibrousfabric. Examples of the fibrous fabric include, but are not limited to,carbon fiber, fiberglass, aramid fiber, ultra-high molecular weightpolyethylene, liquid crystal polymers, or combinations thereof. Aramidfibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. Theyare fibers in which the chain molecules are highly oriented along thefiber axis, so the strength of the chemical bond can be exploited.Aramid fibers have good resistance to abrasion, good resistance toorganic solvents, nonconductive, no melting point, degradation startsfrom 500° C., low flammability, good fabric integrity at elevatedtemperatures, sensitive to acids and salts, sensitive to ultravioletradiation and prone to electrostatic charge build-up unless finished.Examples of aramid fibers include Kevlar™, Technora®, Twaron®,Heracron®, Nomex®, Innegra S®, Nylon, Textile, UHMWPE and Vectran®.Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, UHMW) is a subset ofthe thermoplastic polyethylene. Also known as high-modulus polyethylene,(HMPE), or high-performance polyethylene (HPPE), it has extremely longchains, with a molecular mass usually between 2 and 6 million units. Thelonger chain serves to transfer load more effectively to the polymerbackbone by strengthening intermolecular interactions. This results in avery tough material, with the highest impact strength of anythermoplastic presently made. Examples of UHMWPE include but are notlimited to, Dyneema® and Spectra®.

Between the inner envelope 12 and outer envelope 10 is an optionaladhesive layer 11. The adhesive layer 11 is comprised of epoxy phenolicresin, vinyl ester resin, ultraviolet curing resins, thermoplasticresin, thermoset resin, polyethylene, ionomer resin, polypropylene,carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide anti-ballistic resin,polyurea, polyurethane, or combinations thereof. The adhesive layer 11may optionally include nano particle fillers. The inner envelopes 12 andouter envelopes 10 are sealed by stitching using ballistic thread 13.Ballistic thread 13 is comprised of aramid fiber including UHMWPE.Examples of ballistic thread include Kevlar™ and Spectra®.

A flexible ballistic armor apparatus 40 is comprised of at least twoflexible ballistic armor units 30. The flexible ballistic armor units 30may range from about 2 to 500 or more. For example, a flexible ballisticarmor apparatus 40 may be about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500or more flexible ballistic armor units 30. The flexible ballistic armorunits 30 are arranged parallel to one another. The flexible ballisticarmor units 30 may be offset from one another. For example, the flexibleballistic armor units 30 may be offset from about 0% to 100% of theradius of a spherical unit 20. For example, the flexible ballistic armorunits 30 may be offset by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%,45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of theradius of a spherical unit 20. Thus the spherical units 20 generallyform a diamond pattern with respect to one another, the diamonds havinginternal angles between sides that vary in accordance with the offset.The flexible ballistic armor units 30 are attached to one another usingballistic thread 13. The flexible ballistic apparatus 40 mayadditionally comprise at least one layer of a fibrous fabric 50. Incertain aspects, the flexible ballistic apparatus 40 may comprise 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30or more layers of a fibrous fabric 50. Examples of the fibrous fabricinclude, but are not limited to, carbon fiber, fiberglass, aramid fiber,ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, liquid crystal polymers, orcombinations thereof. The fibrous fabric may be an aramid fiber. Aramidfibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. Theyare fibers in which the chain molecules are highly oriented along thefiber axis, so the strength of the chemical bond can be exploited.Aramid fibers have good resistance to abrasion, good resistance toorganic solvents, nonconductive, no melting point, degradation startsfrom 500° C., low flammability, good fabric integrity at elevatedtemperatures, sensitive to acids and salts, sensitive to ultravioletradiation and prone to electrostatic charge build-up unless finished.Examples of aramid fibers include Kevlar™, Technora®, Twaron®,Heracron®, Nomex®, Innegra S®, Nylon, Textile, UHMWPE and Vectran®.Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, UHMW) is a subset ofthe thermoplastic polyethylene. Also known as high-modulus polyethylene,(HMPE), or high-performance polyethylene (HPPE), it has extremely longchains, with a molecular mass usually between 2 and 6 million units. Thelonger chain serves to transfer load more effectively to the polymerbackbone by strengthening intermolecular interactions. This results in avery tough material, with the highest impact strength of anythermoplastic presently made. Examples of UHMWPE include but are notlimited to, Dyneema® and Spectra®. Additionally, the at least one layerof fibrous fabric may be coated with a material to strengthen thefibrous fabric. This material may be graphene.

The flexible ballistic armor apparatus 40 can be used to prevent thepenetration of a high velocity firearm, fragmentation projectiles orshrapnel projectiles. This method requires providing at least twoflexible ballistic armor units 30 as described herein.

The flexible ballistic armor apparatus 40 can be used to prevent thepenetration of a high velocity firearm, fragmentation projectiles orshrapnel projectiles. This method comprises providing at least twoflexible ballistic armor units 30, each flexible ballistic armor unit 30comprising at least two spherical units 20, an inner envelope 12 and anouter envelope 10. The at least two spherical units 20 are arrangedlaterally along a horizontal axis and encased in the inner envelope 12comprised of a non-ballistic fabric. The inner envelope 12 is encased inthe outer envelope 10 comprised of at least two layers of fibrousfabric. The flexible ballistic armor units 30 are arranged parallel toone another and attached to one another with ballistic thread 13. Theflexible ballistic armor apparatus 40 may further comprise a fibrousfabric 50. This fibrous fabric 50 may optionally be coated with amaterial to strengthen the fabric. The material may be graphene. Theflexible ballistic armor apparatus 40 may further comprise body armorcomprised of ballistic fabric. The flexible ballistic armor apparatuses40 may be placed with any object, vehicle or structure to prevent thepenetration of a high velocity firearm, fragmentation projectiles orshrapnel projectiles. For example, the flexible ballistic armorapparatuses may be placed within a shield; a shirt, vest, coat, pants,hat, helmet, scarf, glove, shoe, boot, sock, suit or other item ofclothing; car, truck, jeep, ship, airplane, motorcycle or other vessel;a wall, a floor, a ceiling, partition or any part of a structure; desk,chair, coach/sofa, table, bookcase, bed, dresser or piece of furniture;suitcase, purse, briefcase, attache case, or trunk.

Upon impact or penetration from a high velocity firearm, fragmentationprojectile or shrapnel projectile the spherical units fragment formingan abrasive material dissipating and lowering the kinetic energy fromthe high velocity firearm, fragmentation projectile or shrapnelprojectile in all directions. Additionally, impact or penetration from ahigh velocity firearm, fragmentation projectile or shrapnel projectilecauses the spherical units 20 to strike adjacent spherical units 20transferring and dissipating kinetic energy from the high velocityfirearm, fragmentation projectile or shrapnel projectile. Further, theimpact or penetration from a high velocity firearm, fragmentationprojectile or shrapnel projectile to contact an adjacent outer envelope10 dissipating kinetic energy vertically and wherein the fibrous fabricof the outer envelope 10 absorbs kinetic energy. The flexible ballisticarmor apparatus 40 grabs the projectile creating drag and causestransverse force vector redirection from the initial flight pathresulting in the projectile turning on an axis to present a side aspectto the balls allowing the projectiles to spin into the disintegratingspherical units 20. The disintegrating spherical units 20 becomes anabrasive material that grinds the metal projectile into smallerparticles such as when sandpaper is used on a material. The result iscomplete or nearly complete destruction of the projectile leavingprimarily a granular substance like metal filings or a powder. Thisabrasive action complements the force vector dissipation. Two separateactions to obtain the final results: projectile destruction and forcedissipation.

The following examples are provided to further illustrate theembodiments of the present invention, but are not intended to limit thescope of the invention. While they are typical of those that might beused, other procedures, methodologies, or techniques known to thoseskilled in the art may alternatively be used.

Example 1

At a test in the Central Florida area, two flexible plate units, bothcomposed of non-tempered amorphous silica spherical units which wereencased by bonded sheets each of 3000 denier Aramid fiber and combinedwith layers of Honeywell Spectra Shield™ ultra-high molecular weightpolyethylene and resins that exhibit high resistance to chemicals,water, and ultraviolet light. The physical structure has excellentvibration damping, flex fatigue and internal fiber-frictioncharacteristics allowing the application of the physical actions causingthe destruction of the threat with virtual dissipation of all trauma.This armor panel was sufficient to destroy 150 grain full metal jacket0.308 cal ball ammunition, 7.62 mm and 5.56 cal. ball and armor piercingammunition and 0.12 gauge 3″ shotgun Sabot. When the threat struck thefirst sphere, the threat became misshapen and unstable causing thethreat to lose energy and continue spinning through the abrasivematerials caused by the destruction of the spheres. As the threat movedinto the second panel of spheres, it continued to spin through theabrasive material created by the destruction of the adjacent spheresresulting in nearly complete destruction of the threat. As the threatstrikes the spheres, energy is transferred to the adjacent spheres whichmove the force vector to the edges of the panel in all directions awayfrom the initial entry point into the panel. The sewn edges create abarrier to the rows of spheres so that each sphere bounces back on thespheres adjacent and back to the point of penetration resulting in a“reverberation” of energy creating a dampening effect. The dampeningeffect is across the panel, and not from front to back thereby reducingback-face trauma and injury or damage. During flight, the threat spinsand yaws. As it strikes the curved face of the sphere in the armorpanel, panel several actions begin to occur.

The threat begins to change direction while the force vector changes aswell. This causes the threat to turn to an oblique position relative tothe plane of the panel.

The sphere begins to come apart forming an abrasive material acting likesandpaper.

When the threat strikes the face of the armor panel, it strikes a ballthat then strikes the next ball beside it transferring its kineticenergy to it. That energy is transferred along the stationary ballswhich are in contact with each other. When this energy reaches theremaining ball at the closed end, it comes back on itself as a wavestrikes a wall resulting in energy losses in the system.

The spheres of the front panel begin to strike the adjacent spheres ofthe back panel causing the same transfer of energy to the set of spheresin that panel.

The energy transfer and loss was the result of the high impact forcebetween the balls causing the materials to permanently deform anddisintegrate. The deforming materials absorb significant amounts energy,which in turn lowers kinetic energy in the system.

The armor used in the test shoot was a 24 inch (h) by 24 inch (w) by 1½inch (d) panel consisting of the following: The face was 4 layers ofKevlar™, a para-aramid fiber. Two pieces of Kevlar™ were joined using anadhesive to form one piece. A second 2 panel piece was placed behind thefirst panel. Then, two pieces of cotton fabric were sewn together usinghorizontal stitching to form ⅝″ “tubes” which were then filled with ⅝′glass marbles. The ends of each tube were sewn closed, thereby encasingthe horizontal row of marbles. The finished product was 38 rows oftubing in a horizontal manner (38 rows horizontal and 38 rows verticalto form a square). A second cotton panel of marbles constructed inexactly the manner was placed behind the first set of marbles andallowed to “nest” so that the back panel allowed the marbles to nestleinto the natural depressions formed by the pattern. Twelve layers ofSpectra Shield™ ballistic fabric panels are placed behind the marblepouches. (Spectra Shield™ is a thin, flexible ballistic composite madefrom two layers of unidirectional fibers held in place by flexibleresins. These fibers are arranged so they cross each other at 0 and 90degree angles, then, both fiber and resin layers are sealed between twothin sheets of polyethylene film similar to saran wrap). All layers arestitched together with Kevlar™ thread at the perimeter to form a singlepanel. This panel was placed into an envelope, or “carrier” constructedof non-ballistic cotton fabric for the test in the same manner that thefinished product would be placed into an outer container for protectionand use.

Example 2

Standards and Testing for Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials

FOREWORD: This document, NU standard-0108.01, Ballistic ResistantProtective Materials, is an equipment Standard developed by the LawEnforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards. Itis produced as part of the Technology Assessment Program of the NationalInstitute of Justice (NIJ). A brief description of the program appearson the inside front cover.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this standard is to establish minimumperformance requirements and methods of test for ballistic resistantprotective materials. This standard supersedes NIJ Standard-0108.00,Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials, dated December 1981. Thisrevision adds threat level III-A and establishes threat levelclassifications that are consistent with other NIJ standards forballistic protection.

2. Scope and Classification

2.1 Scope: This standard is applicable to all ballistic resistantmaterials (armor) intended to provide protection against gunfire, withthe exception of police body armor and ballistic helmets, which are thetopic of individual NIJ performance standards [1,2]¹. Many differenttypes of armor are now available that range in ballistic resistance fromthose designed to protect against small-caliber handguns to thosedesigned to protect against high-powered rifles. Ballistic resistantmaterials are used to fabricate portable ballistic shields, such as aballistic clipboard for use by a police officer; to provide ballisticprotection for fixed structures such as critical control rooms or guardstations; and to provide ballistic protection for the occupants ofvehicles. The ballistic resistant materials used to fabricate armorinclude metals, ceramics, transparent glazing, fabric, andfabric-reinforced plastics; they are used separately or in combination,depending upon the intended threat protection.

The ballistic threat posed by a bullet depends, among other things, onits composition, shape, caliber, mass, and impact velocity. Because ofthe wide variety of cartridges available in a given caliber, and becauseof the existence of hand loads, armors that will defeat a standard testround may not defeat other loadings in the same caliber. For example, anarmor that prevents penetration by a 357 Magnum test round may or maynot defeat a 357 Magnum round with a higher velocity. Similarly, foridentical striking velocities, nondefonning or armor-piercing roundspose a significantly greater penetration threat than an equivalent leadcore round of the same caliber. The test ammunitions specified in thisstandard represent common threats to the law enforcement community.

2.2 Classification: Ballistic resistant protective materials covered bythis standard are classified into five types, by level of performance.

2.2.1 Type 1 (22 LR; 38 Special) This armor protects against thestandard test rounds as defined in section 5.2.1. It also providesprotection against lesser threats such as 12 gauge No. 4 lead shot andmost handgun rounds in calibers 25 and 32.

2.2.2 Type II-A (Lower Velocity 357 Magnum; 9 mm) This armor protectsagainst the standard test rounds as defined in section 5.2.2. It alsoprovides protection against lesser threats such as 12 gauge 00 buckshot,45 Auto., 38 Special±P and some other factory loads in caliber 357Magnum and 9 mm, as well as the threats mentioned in section 2.2.1.

2.2.3 Type II (Higher Velocity 357 Magnum; 9 mm): This armor protectsagainst the standard test rounds as defined in section 5.2.3. It alsoprovides protection against most other factory loads in caliber 357Magnum and 9 mm, as well as threats mentioned in section 2.2.1 and2.2.2.

2.2.4 Type HI-A (44 Magnum; Submachine Gun 9 mm): This armor protectsagainst the standard test rounds as defined in section 5.2.4. It alsoprovides protection against most handgun threats as well as the threatsmentioned in sections 2.2.1 through 2.2.3.

2.2.5 Type HI (High-Powered Rifle): This armor protects against thestandard test round as defined in section 5.2.5. It also providesprotection against most lesser threats such as 223 Remington (5.56 mmFMJ), 30 Carbine FMJ, and 12 gauge rifle slug, as well as the threatsmentioned in sections 2.2.1 through 2.2.4.

2.2.6 Type IV (Armor-Piercing Rifle): This armor protects against thestandard test round as defined in section 5.2.6. It also provides atleast single hit protection against the threats mentioned in sections2.2.1 through 2.2.5.

2.2.7 Special Type: A purchaser having a special requirement for a levelof protection other than one of the above standards should specify theexact test rounds to be used, and indicate that this standard shallgovern in all other respects.

3. Definitions

3.1 Angle of Incidence: The angle between the line of flight of thebullet and the perpendicular to the plane tangent to the point of impact(see FIG. 1). Also known as angle of obliquity

3.2 Fair Hit: A hit that impacts the ballistic resistant protectivematerial at an angle of incidence no greater than 5°, and is at least 5cm (2 in) from a prior hit or the edge of the test specimen and at anacceptable velocity as defined in this standard. A bullet that impactstoo close to the edge or a prior hit and/or at too high a velocity, butdoes not penetrate, shall be considered a fair hit for the determinationof non-penetration.

3.3 Full Metal Jacketed (FMJ) Bullet: A bullet made of lead completelycovered, except for the base, with copper alloy (approximately 90copper-10 zinc).

3.4 Jacketed Soft Point (JSP) Bullet: A bullet made of lead completelycovered, except for the point, with copper alloy (approximately 90copper-10 zinc).

3.5 Lead Bullet: A bullet made of lead alloyed with hardening agents.

3.6 Penetration: Perforation of a witness plate by any part of the testspecimen or test bullet, as determined by passage of light when held upto a 60-W light bulb.

3.7 Strike Face: The surface of a ballistic resistant protectivematerial designated by the manufacturer as the surface that should beexposed to (face) the weapon threat.

3.8 Semi-wadcutter: A bullet shape characterized by a flat nose and atapered section leading to a cylindrical bullet body with a sharp breakwhere the taper meets the body.

3.9 Witness Plate: A thin sheet of aluminum alloy placed behind a testspecimen to determine the potential for an incapacitating injury.

4. Requirements

4.1 Acceptance Criteria: A ballistic material satisfies the requirementsof this standard if the sample item (see sec. 5. meets the requirementsof sections 4.2 through 4.4.

4.2 Workmanship: Ballistic resistant protective materials shall be freefrom dents, blisters, cracks, crazing, chipped or sharp corners, andother evidence of inferior workmanship.

4.3 Labeling: The Sample item and each full size panel of ballisticresistance material shall be permanently and legibly labeled and shallinclude the following information. Name, designation, or logo of themanufacturer

-   -   a) Type of material, according to section 2 of this standard    -   b) Month and year of manufacture    -   c) Lot number    -   d) Strike face, if any    -   e) Certification of compliance with this edition of this        standard Items c and d may be incorporated into a single number,        e.g., a serial number.

4.4 Ballistic Resistance: The ballistic resistance of each test specimenof ballistic resistant protective material shall be determined inaccordance with section 5.3. The test weapon and ammunition used duringthis test shall be those specified in table 1 in accordance with thetype (threat level rating) specified by the manufacturer (sec. 4.3). Anypenetration of the witness plate shall constitute failure. The ballisticresistance test variables and test requirements are presented in table1.

TABLE 1 Test Summary Test Variables Performance Requirements RequiredPer- Nominal Suggested Required Hits mitted Armor Test Bullet BarrelBullet Per Penetra- Type Ammunition Mass Length Velocity Armor tions I22 LRHV 2.6 g 15 to 16.5 cm 320 ± 12 m/s 5 0 Lead 40 gr 6 to 6.5 in 1050± 40 ft/s  38 Special 10.2 g 15 to 16.5 cm 259 ± 15 m/s 5 0 RN Lead 158gr 6 to 6.5 in 850 ± 50 ft/s II-A 357 Magnum 10.2 g 10 to 12 cm 381 ± 15m/s 5 0 JSP 158 gr 4 to 4.75 in 1250 ± 50 ft/s  9 mm 8.0 g 10 to 12 cm332 ± 12 m/s 5 0 FMJ 124 gr 4 to 4.75 in 1090 ± 40 ft/s  11 357 Magnum10.2 g 15 to 16.5 cm 425 ± 15 m/s 5 0 JSP 158 gr 6 to 6.5 in 1395 ± 50ft/s  9 mm 8.0 g 10 to 12 cm 358 ± 12 m/s 5 0 FMJ 124 gr 4 to 4.75 in1175 ± 40 ft/s  III-A 44 Magnum 15.55 g 14 to 16 cm 426 ± 15 m/s 5 0Lead SWC 240 gr 5:5 to 6.25 in 1400 ± 50 ft/s  Checked 5 0 9 mm 8.0 g 24to 26 cm 426 ± 15 m/s FMJ 124 gr 9.5 to 10.25 in 1400 ± 50 ft/s  III7.62 mm 9.7 g 56 cm 838 ± 15 m/s 5 0 308 150 gr 22 in 2750 ± 50 ft/s FMJ IV 30-06 10.8 g 56 cm 868 ± 15 m/s 1 0 AP 166 gr 22 in 2850 ± 50ft/s  Special Requirement • * These items must be specified by the user.All of the

  Abbreviations: AP—Armor Piercing FMJ—Full Metal Jacket JSP—JacketedSoft Point LRH—Long Rifle High Velocity RN—Round Nose SWC—Semi-Wadcutter

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

5. Test Methods

5.1 Sampling: The test specimen shall be a current production sample ofthe ballistic resistant material at least 30.5×30.5 cm (12×12 in).

5.2 Test Equipment: It should be noted that hand-loaded ammunition maybe required to achieve some of the bullet velocities required in thefollowing sections.

5.2.1 Type I Test Weapons and Ammunition

5.2.1.1 22 LR: The test weapon may be a 22-caliber handgun or testbarrel. The use of a handgun with a 10 to 12 cm (6 to 6.5 in) barrel issuggested. Test bullets shall be 22 Long Rifle High Velocity lead, withnominal masses of 2.6 g (40 gr) and measured velocities of 320±12 m(1050±40 ft) per second.

5.2.1.2 38 Special: The test weapon may be a 38 Special handgun or testbarrel. The use of a handgun with a 15 to 16.5 cm (6 to 6.5 in) barrelis suggested. Test bullets shall be 38 Special round-nose lead, withnominal masses of 2.6 g (158 gr) and measured velocities of 259±15 m(850±50 ft) per second.

5.2.2 Type II-A Test Weapons and Ammunition

5.2.2.1 Lower Velocity 357 Magnum: The test weapon may be a 357 Magnumhandgun or test barrel. The use of a handgun with a 10 to 12 cm (4 to4.75 in) barrel is suggested. Test bullets shall be 357 Magnum jacketedsoft point, with nominal masses of 10.2 g (158 gr) and measuredvelocities of 381±15 m (1250±50 ft) per second.

5.2.2.2 Lower Velocity 9 mm: The test weapon may be a 9 mm handgun ortest barrel. The use of a handgun with a 10 to 12 cm (4 to 4.75 in)barrel is suggested. Test bullets shall be 9 mm full metal jacketed,with nominal masses of 8.0 g (124 gr) and measured velocities of 332±12m (1090±40 ft) per second.

5.2.3.1 Higher Velocity 357 Magnum: The test weapon may be a 357 Magnumhandgun or test barrel. The use of a handgun with a 15 to 16.5 cm (6 to6.5 in) barrel is suggested. Test bullets shall be 357 Magnum jacketedsoft point, with nominal masses of 10.2 g (158 gr) and measuredvelocities of 425±15 m (1395±50 ft) per second.

5.2.3.2 Higher Velocity 9 mm: The test weapon may be a 9 mm handgun ortest barrel. The use of a handgun with a 10 to 12 cm (4 to 4.75 in)barrel is suggested. Test bullets shall be 9 mm full metal jacketed,with nominal masses of 8.0 g (124 gr) and measured velocities of 358±12m (1175±40 ft) per second.

5.2.4 Type III-A Test Weapons and Ammunition 5.2.4.1 44 Magnum: The testweapon may be a 44 Magnum handgun or test barrel. The use of a handgunwith a 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.25 in) barrel is suggested. Test bulletsshall be 44 Magnum, lead semi-wadcutter with gas checks, nominal massesof 15.55 g (240 gr), and measured velocities of 426±15 m (1400±50 ft)per second.

5.2.4.2 Submachine Gun (SMG) 9 mm: The test weapon may be a 9 mm SMG ortest barrel. The use of a test barrel with a 24 to 26 cm (9.5 to 10.25in) barrel is suggested. Test bullets shall be 9 mm full metal jacketed,with nominal messes of 8.0 g (124 gr) and measured velocities of 426±15m (1400±50 ft) per second.

5.2.5 Type III Test Weapon and Ammunition: The test weapon may be arifle or a test barrel chambered for 7.62-mm (308 Winchester)ammunition. The use of a rifle with a barrel length of 56 cm (22 in) issuggested. Test bullets shall be 7.62 mm full metal jacketed (U.S.military designation M80) with nominal masses of 9.7 g (150 gr) andmeasured velocities of 838±15 in (2850±50 ft) per second.

5.2.6 Type IV Test Weapon and Ammunition: The test weapon may be a rifleor a test barrel chambered for 30-06 ammunition. The use of a rifle witha barrel length of 56 cm (22 in) is suggested. Test bullets shall be 30caliber armor piercing (U.S. military designation APM2), with nominalmasses of 10.8 g (166 gr) and measured velocities of 868±15 m (2850±50ft) per second.

5.2.7 Special Type Test Weapon and Ammunition: The test weapon,cartridge type, bullet construction, bullet caliber, bullet mass, andbullet striking velocity must all be specified by the user.

5.2.8 Chronograph: The chronograph shall have a precision of 1 p.s andan accuracy of 2 us. Its triggering devices shall be of either thephotoelectric or conductive screen type.

5.2.9 Support Fixture: The test specimen shall be supported by a fixturethat penults its position and attitude to be readily adjusted so that itis perpendicular to the line of flight of the bullet at the point ofimpact.

5.2.10 Witness Plate: The witness plate shall be a 0.5 mm (0.020 in)thick sheet of 2024-T3 or 2024-T4 aluminum alloy and shall be placed andrigidly affixed perpendicular to the line of flight of the bullet and 15cm (6 in) beyond the armor under test.

5.3 Ballistic Resistance Test: Condition the test specimen at atemperature of 20 to 28° C. (68 to 82° F.) for at least 24 h prior totest.

Place the triggering devices 2 and 3 m (6.6 and 9.8 ft), respectivelyfrom the muzzle of the test weapon as shown in FIG. 2, and arrange themso that they define planes perpendicular to the line of flight of thebullet. Measure the distance between them with an accuracy of 1.0 mm(0.04 in). Use the time of flight and distance measurements to calculatethe velocity of each test round.

After the specified test weapon has been supported, leveled, andpositioned, fire one or more pretest rounds (as needed) through awitness plate to determine the point of impact.

Place the test specimen in the support fixture and position it 5 m (16ft) from the muzzle of the test weapon. Then position an unperforatedwitness plate 15 cm (6 in) beyond the test specimen. Fire a test roundand record the velocity of the bullet as measured by the chronograph.Examine the witness plate to determine penetration, and examine thespecimen to see if the bullet made a fair hit.

If no penetration occurred, reposition the test specimen and repeat theprocedure with additional test rounds until the test is completed. Spacethe hits as evenly as possible so that every portion of the testspecimen is subject to test.

This standard is a technical document that specifies performance andother requirements equipment should meet to satisfy the needs ofcriminal justice agencies for high-quality service. Purchasers can usethe test methods described in this standard to determine whether aparticular piece of equipment meets the essential requirements, or theymay have the tests conducted on their behalf by a qualified testinglaboratory. Procurement officials may also refer to this standard intheir purchasing documents and require that equipment offered forpurchase meet the requirements. Compliance with the requirements of thestandard may be attested to by an independent laboratory or guaranteedby the vendor.

Because this NIJ standard is designed as a procurement aid, it isnecessarily highly technical. For those who seek general guidanceconcerning the selection and application of law enforcement equipment,user guides have also been published. The guides explain in nontechnicallanguage how to select equipment capable of performance required by anagency.

Although the invention has been described with reference to the aboveexamples, it will be understood that modifications and variations areencompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly,the invention is limited by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A flexible ballistic armor unit comprised of atleast two spherical units, an inner envelope and an outer envelope. 2.The unit of claim 1, wherein the spherical units are comprised of afragmentation material.
 3. The unit of claim 2, wherein thefragmentation material is selected from the group consisting of temperedamorphous silica, ceramic glass, ceramic or amorphous silica fiberinfused with a liquid metal, quartz hardened graphene wrapped inceramic/glass, silicon carbide, carbon/carbon composites,carbon/carbon/silicon carbide composites, boron carbide, aluminum oxide,silicon carbide particulate/aluminum metal matrix composites, quartz,feldspar, magnesium, graphene, graphene compounds and combinationsthereof.
 4. The unit of claim 2, wherein the spherical unit is coatedwith a ceramic material.
 5. The unit of claim 4, wherein the ceramicmaterial is selected from the group consisting of Barium titanate,strontium titanate, Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, Boronnitride, Earthenware, Ferrite, Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), Magnesiumdiboride (MgB2), Porcelain, Sialon (Silicon Aluminium Oxynitride),Silicon carbide (SiC), Silicon nitride (Si3N4), Steatite (magnesiumsilicates), Titanium carbide, Uranium oxide (UO2), Yttrium barium copperoxide (YBa2Cu3O7−x), Zinc oxide (ZnO), Zirconium dioxide (zirconia),Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), pottery, brick, tile, cement, glassand combinations thereof.
 6. The unit of claim 4, wherein the ceramicmaterial has a Mohs hardness scale range from about 4.5 to 6.5.
 7. Theunit of claim 1, wherein the at least two spherical units are arrangedalong a horizontal axis.
 8. The unit of claim 1, wherein each sphericalunit is the same size.
 9. The unit of claim 8, wherein each sphericalunit from about ⅛ inch to ⅞ inch.
 10. The unit of claim 9, wherein eachspherical unit is ⅝^(th) inch.
 11. The unit of claim 7, wherein the atleast two spherical units are encased in the inner envelope.
 12. Theunit of claim 1, wherein the inner envelope is comprised of at least onelayer of a non-ballistic fabric.
 13. The unit of claim 12, wherein thenon-ballistic fabric is selected from the group consisting of cotton,polyester and cotton polyester.
 14. The unit of claim 13, wherein thenon-ballistic fabric is cotton.
 15. The unit of claim 12, wherein thespherical units are sealed in the inner envelope by ballistic thread.16. The unit of claim 1, wherein one inner envelope is encased in oneouter envelope.
 17. The unit of claim 16, wherein the outer envelope iscomprised of at least two layers of a fibrous fabric.
 18. The unit ofclaim 17, wherein the fibrous fabric is selected from the groupconsisting of carbon fiber, fiberglass, aramid fiber, ultra-highmolecular weight polyethylene, liquid crystal polymers, or a combinationthereof.
 19. The unit of claim 18, wherein the aramid fabric is anultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber.
 20. A flexible ballisticarmor apparatus comprised of at least two flexible ballistic armorunits.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein each flexible ballisticarmor unit is arranged parallel to at least one flexible ballistic armorunit.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the flexible ballisticarmor units are offset by 0-100% of the radius of a spherical unit. 23.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the flexible ballistic units areoffset by 100% of the radius of a spherical unit.
 24. The apparatus ofclaim 20, wherein the at least two flexible ballistic armor units areattached by ballistic thread.
 25. The apparatus of claim 20, furthercomprising at least one layer of a fibrous fabric.
 26. The apparatus ofclaim 25, wherein the fibrous fabric is aramid fiber.
 27. The apparatusof claim 23, wherein the aramid fabric is coated with graphene.
 28. Amethod of preventing penetration of high velocity firearm, fragmentationprojectiles or shrapnel projectiles comprising providing at least twoflexible ballistic armor units, each armor unit comprising at least twospherical units, an inner envelope and an outer envelope.
 29. The methodof claim 28, wherein the spherical units are encased by the innerenvelope.
 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the inner envelop isencased in an outer envelope.
 31. The method of claim 28, wherein thespherical units are comprised of a fragmentation material.
 32. Themethod of claim 31, wherein the material is selected from the groupconsisting of tempered amorphous silica, ceramic glass, ceramic oramorphous silica fiber infused with a liquid metal, quartz hardenedgraphene wrapped in ceramic/glass, silicon carbide, carbon/carboncomposites, carbon/carbon/silicon carbide composites, boron carbide,aluminum oxide, silicon carbide particulate/aluminum metal matrixcomposites, and combinations thereof.
 33. The method of claim 32,wherein the spherical unit is coated with a ceramic material.
 34. Themethod of claim 28, wherein the spherical units are arranged along ahorizontal axis.
 35. The method of claim 32, wherein each spherical unitfrom about ⅛ inch to about ⅞ inch.
 36. The method of claim 35, whereineach spherical unit is ⅝^(th) inch.
 37. The method of claim 28, whereinthe at least two spherical units is encased in the inner envelope. 38.The method of claim 28, wherein the inner envelope is comprised of anon-ballistic fabric.
 39. The method of claim 28, wherein the outerenvelope is comprised of at least two layers of a fibrous fabric. 40.The method of claim 39, wherein the fibrous fabric is selected from thegroup consisting of carbon fiber, fiberglass, aramid fiber, ultra-highmolecular weight polyethylene, liquid crystal polymers, or a combinationthereof.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the fibrous fabric is anultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber.
 42. The method of claim28, further comprising at least one layer of a fibrous fabric.
 43. Themethod of claim 43, wherein the fibrous fabric is aramid fiber.
 44. Themethod of claim 44, wherein the aramid fabric is coated with a graphene.45. The method of claim 28, further comprising body armor.
 46. Themethod of claim 44, wherein the body armor is comprised of a ballisticfabric.
 47. The method of claim 28, wherein the at least two flexibleballistic armor apparatuses are positioned within a vehicle, a vessel,an aircraft or a structure.
 48. The method of claim 28, wherein the highvelocity firearm, fragmentation projectiles or shrapnel projectilesimpact the flexible armor unit causing the high velocity firearm,fragmentation or shrapnel projectiles to change direction and change theforce vector resulting in the high velocity firearm, fragmentation orshrapnel projectiles to turn an oblique position relative to the planeof the flexible armor unit.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein thespherical units fragment forming an abrasive material.
 50. The method ofclaim 49, wherein the force of the high velocity firearm, fragmentationprojectiles or shrapnel projectiles causes the spherical units tostrikes adjacent spherical units transferring kinetic energy.
 51. Themethod of claim 47, wherein the force of the high velocity firearm,fragmentation projectiles or shrapnel projectiles causes the outerenvelope to contact an adjacent outer envelope dissipating kineticenergy vertically.
 52. The method of claim 47, wherein a first flexiblearmor unit contacts a second armor unit dissipating kinetic energy uponimpact.
 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the fibrous fabric of theouter envelope absorbs kinetic energy.
 54. The method of claim 48,wherein the fragmentation of the spherical units lowers the kineticenergy of the projectile.